You might be able to do that with a Windows machine.? You can get a USB to SATA adapter (plus power supply if required).
So you plug the damaged drive into the adapter,? USB into the working Windows machine, and a drive appears.
If the damage is only in the OS, then the data will be intact.? But it has been a long time since I tried that with Windows.? That route may not work with the latest and greatest Windows OS.
Anyhow those adapters are a great thing to have.? I use one for backing up to external drives.
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73 Greg KF5N