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What DFU software are you using? There are four programs for installing
firmware updates that I know about.

The original one from ST, Dfuse Demo, works well on older computers but
refuses to connect on many newer ones. The symptom is that it never sees
your device. (It's likely some sort of timing issue that makes it
incompatible with some USB controllers.) Sometimes it can be made to work
by switching to another USB port (try a USB 2.0 port if your system has
one), or by inserting a USB hub between the computer and your nanoVNA. ST
no longer supports that software so it won't get fixed.

Its replacement, STM32CubeProgrammer, works well on those newer computers
but is too big to run well on some older ones. An interesting gotcha is
that it requires .BIN files, while Dfuse uses the .DFU file format. Current
nanoVNA firmware can be downloaded in both formats; make sure to get the
one you need. (Older ones were only provided as .DFU files.) There is a
utility provided with Dfuse Demo that will convert between the formats; you
may want to install that even if you use STM32CubeProgrammer.

The final option is open source tools; dfu-tool and dfu-util are out there,
may be included with your Linux distribution if you run that OS, and
versions are also available for Windows and macOS. I have no personal
experience with them.