?

Don,

?

That is to say that the filament leads were hot and soft enough to lay over one another thus creating the final short that tripped the CB/Power Switch.? At least that was our speculation at the time.? That was back in the mid 80’s when that happened, and there was no internet for which to turn to for research.? So it was definitely all speculation at the time.

?

Thank you,

?

Mike

W5CUL

?==== ??I trimmed all below--- don

?

?

?

?

?

?

Hey Don,

?

That happened so many years ago in another lifetime for me.? Although, I do recall myself and my Warrant Officer chalking it up as a one in a million manufacturing fluke in regards to the Filament Leads for that particular dial lamp.? We speculated that the filament leads within a manufacturing lot, for which that particular dial lamp was part of, were much larger than normal thus could handle some draw for a longer period of time. Long ?enough for the CB/Power Switch to say no more and trip before that dial lamp went poof.? And yes, I suspect it was considered an improbability for such a failure mode to occur thus no consideration around a preventive design for such.? ??

?

If you look at all the Hallicrafters designs regarding their dial lamps, there is no protective circuitry to prevent a Filament Lead short from causing a failure mode in the transformer.? That is because it is expected that once that short occurs, the amperage draw will be so fast and intense that those tiny Filament Leads will burn up thus eliminating the short long before the transformer suffers any damage.?

?

Thank you,

?

Mike

W5CUL

?

?

?

Hi again Mike

?I agree with your comments, and was not suggesting that you said anything wrong, but I was hoping for some response to my previous comment/question on why did the “switch” trip due to a simple bulb failure?? Was it intentionally designed to do that, or an oversight, or accepted as an unlikely event that had a tolerable probability of not happening. I know we can’t generate any solid answer to the question, but we can think about it.?? However, if we do not know all the design criteria of something, it is tough to predict all the failure mechanisms, and so might be very tough to find a problem.

??

When I said “fusing”, I felt awkward, I really meant over-current? protection.

?

It would seem that most military equipment needs to be tough, and fuses can easily fail and can’t be reset, so are likely not allowed in this equipment, and many [mechanical] circuit breakers can be jarred open by a sudden impact, so can be difficult to produce.?? as an aside the tripping mechanism is/was highly sensitive in older 600 volt power? switchgear, which is certainly not what? we have been speaking of in here.? But one wonders, if we use a spring loaded mechanical contact with some mechanical “trigger PIN?” to release the spring,? just how many G’s can it take before it trips itself.? They must have made some special designs.?

?

But, all this is off the point of the real question that you first raised about a few guys not finding the simple problem.? I can sympathize with their dilemma.

?

I say: things need to be designed to allow reasonably easy repair, or, as now, throw out, and buy new.

?

We should be talking about the original question of what happens when bulbs fail?? I suggest there is more than one answer, all depending on the surrounding circuitry, and, in addition, when the “bulb”? becomes? a LED the question has to be re-evaluated.

?

Sorry for wandering around all this.

Don ?VA3DRL

?

?

?

Hey Don,

?

Please do not get me wrong, I agree with your assessment, curiosity and what you have experienced in other similar situations.? I was just pointing out that most everyone was taught that there is no such thing as a shorted lightbulb as the filament leads will end up burning themselves out thus eliminating any dead short that may have been initially incurred.? But when deployed in the right circuit design, or maybe an improper circuit design, it is possible that the filament leads will not experience enough amperage draw to burn themselves out before some other component or subsystem decides enough is enough.

?

The issue with fusing any specific circuit in that radio is that an RT-524 is a Military FM Transceiver. Its design was such that it was sealed from the weather as well as designed with minimal external user controls on the faceplate to operate the radio.? It had to be simple to operate for the user and be reliable in all kinds of weather and operating conditions.? It also definitely had to be rugged enough to withstand being slammed around by the user in varying combat vehicles. So there were no external facing fuse holders, and the user was not allowed inside of the transceiver, hence just the heavy duty external power switch that was user resettable.

?

Thank you,

?

Mike

W5CUL

?

?

Hi Mike

I guess you are commenting on my first? stuff .

I suggest that our ?typical room lights blow to oblivion, ?partly because they are protected only by a 15 amp breaker or fuse in the main panel of a house, and this allows a very high, short time current to ?burn up any shorting material in the bulb.

?

In the case of the RT-524 ?I can only guess that it also has a power transformer that will limit the short circuit current to the bulb giving the

more sensitive ?power switch/ breaker ?time to ?completely open ?the circuit, before the bulb blows.

?

This leaves the age old question to fuse or not and where… has a very long answer.

Don ?VA3DRL

????==== ??I trimmed a bunch, so the original situation??? is ?only in some previous posting? --- don

?

?

?

Hey Don,

?

That happened so many years ago in another lifetime for me.? Although, I do recall myself and my Warrant Officer chalking it up as a one in a million manufacturing fluke in regards to the Filament Leads for that particular dial lamp.? We speculated that the filament leads within a manufacturing lot, for which that particular dial lamp was part of, were much larger than normal thus could handle some draw for a longer period of time. Long ?enough for the CB/Power Switch to say no more and trip before that dial lamp went poof.? And yes, I suspect it was considered an improbability for such a failure mode to occur thus no consideration around a preventive design for such.? ??

?

If you look at all the Hallicrafters designs regarding their dial lamps, there is no protective circuitry to prevent a Filament Lead short from causing a failure mode in the transformer.? That is because it is expected that once that short occurs, the amperage draw will be so fast and intense that those tiny Filament Leads will burn up thus eliminating the short long before the transformer suffers any damage.?

?

Thank you,

?

Mike

W5CUL

?

?

?

Hi again Mike

?I agree with your comments, and was not suggesting that you said anything wrong, but I was hoping for some response to my previous comment/question on why did the “switch” trip due to a simple bulb failure?? Was it intentionally designed to do that, or an oversight, or accepted as an unlikely event that had a tolerable probability of not happening. I know we can’t generate any solid answer to the question, but we can think about it.?? However, if we do not know all the design criteria of something, it is tough to predict all the failure mechanisms, and so might be very tough to find a problem.

??

When I said “fusing”, I felt awkward, I really meant over-current? protection.

?

It would seem that most military equipment needs to be tough, and fuses can easily fail and can’t be reset, so are likely not allowed in this equipment, and many [mechanical] circuit breakers can be jarred open by a sudden impact, so can be difficult to produce.?? as an aside the tripping mechanism is/was highly sensitive in older 600 volt power? switchgear, which is certainly not what? we have been speaking of in here.? But one wonders, if we use a spring loaded mechanical contact with some mechanical “trigger PIN?” to release the spring,? just how many G’s can it take before it trips itself.? They must have made some special designs.?

?

But, all this is off the point of the real question that you first raised about a few guys not finding the simple problem.? I can sympathize with their dilemma.

?

I say: things need to be designed to allow reasonably easy repair, or, as now, throw out, and buy new.

?

We should be talking about the original question of what happens when bulbs fail?? I suggest there is more than one answer, all depending on the surrounding circuitry, and, in addition, when the “bulb”? becomes? a LED the question has to be re-evaluated.

?

Sorry for wandering around all this.

Don ?VA3DRL

?

?

?

Hey Don,

?

Please do not get me wrong, I agree with your assessment, curiosity and what you have experienced in other similar situations.? I was just pointing out that most everyone was taught that there is no such thing as a shorted lightbulb as the filament leads will end up burning themselves out thus eliminating any dead short that may have been initially incurred.? But when deployed in the right circuit design, or maybe an improper circuit design, it is possible that the filament leads will not experience enough amperage draw to burn themselves out before some other component or subsystem decides enough is enough.

?

The issue with fusing any specific circuit in that radio is that an RT-524 is a Military FM Transceiver. Its design was such that it was sealed from the weather as well as designed with minimal external user controls on the faceplate to operate the radio.? It had to be simple to operate for the user and be reliable in all kinds of weather and operating conditions.? It also definitely had to be rugged enough to withstand being slammed around by the user in varying combat vehicles. So there were no external facing fuse holders, and the user was not allowed inside of the transceiver, hence just the heavy duty external power switch that was user resettable.

?

Thank you,

?

Mike

W5CUL

?

?

Hi Mike

I guess you are commenting on my first? stuff .

I suggest that our ?typical room lights blow to oblivion, ?partly because they are protected only by a 15 amp breaker or fuse in the main panel of a house, and this allows a very high, short time current to ?burn up any shorting material in the bulb.

?

In the case of the RT-524 ?I can only guess that it also has a power transformer that will limit the short circuit current to the bulb giving the

more sensitive ?power switch/ breaker ?time to ?completely open ?the circuit, before the bulb blows.

?

This leaves the age old question to fuse or not and where… has a very long answer.

Don ?VA3DRL

????==== ??I trimmed a bunch, so the original situation??? is ?only in some previous posting? --- don

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

Hi again Mike

?I agree with your comments, and was not suggesting that you said anything wrong, but I was hoping for some response to my previous comment/question on why did the “switch” trip due to a simple bulb failure?? Was it intentionally designed to do that, or an oversight, or accepted as an unlikely event that had a tolerable probability of not happening. I know we can’t generate any solid answer to the question, but we can think about it.?? However, if we do not know all the design criteria of something, it is tough to predict all the failure mechanisms, and so might be very tough to find a problem.

??

When I said “fusing”, I felt awkward, I really meant over-current? protection.

?

It would seem that most military equipment needs to be tough, and fuses can easily fail and can’t be reset, so are likely not allowed in this equipment, and many [mechanical] circuit breakers can be jarred open by a sudden impact, so can be difficult to produce.?? as an aside the tripping mechanism is/was highly sensitive in older 600 volt power? switchgear, which is certainly not what? we have been speaking of in here.? But one wonders, if we use a spring loaded mechanical contact with some mechanical “trigger PIN?” to release the spring,? just how many G’s can it take before it trips itself.? They must have made some special designs.?

?

But, all this is off the point of the real question that you first raised about a few guys not finding the simple problem.? I can sympathize with their dilemma.

?

I say: things need to be designed to allow reasonably easy repair, or, as now, throw out, and buy new.

?

We should be talking about the original question of what happens when bulbs fail?? I suggest there is more than one answer, all depending on the surrounding circuitry, and, in addition, when the “bulb”? becomes? a LED the question has to be re-evaluated.

?

Sorry for wandering around all this.

Don ?VA3DRL

?

?

?

Hey Don,

?

Please do not get me wrong, I agree with your assessment, curiosity and what you have experienced in other similar situations.? I was just pointing out that most everyone was taught that there is no such thing as a shorted lightbulb as the filament leads will end up burning themselves out thus eliminating any dead short that may have been initially incurred.? But when deployed in the right circuit design, or maybe an improper circuit design, it is possible that the filament leads will not experience enough amperage draw to burn themselves out before some other component or subsystem decides enough is enough.

?

The issue with fusing any specific circuit in that radio is that an RT-524 is a Military FM Transceiver. Its design was such that it was sealed from the weather as well as designed with minimal external user controls on the faceplate to operate the radio.? It had to be simple to operate for the user and be reliable in all kinds of weather and operating conditions.? It also definitely had to be rugged enough to withstand being slammed around by the user in varying combat vehicles. So there were no external facing fuse holders, and the user was not allowed inside of the transceiver, hence just the heavy duty external power switch that was user resettable.

?

Thank you,

?

Mike

W5CUL

?

?

Hi Mike

I guess you are commenting on my first? stuff .

I suggest that our ?typical room lights blow to oblivion, ?partly because they are protected only by a 15 amp breaker or fuse in the main panel of a house, and this allows a very high, short time current to ?burn up any shorting material in the bulb.

?

In the case of the RT-524 ?I can only guess that it also has a power transformer that will limit the short circuit current to the bulb giving the

more sensitive ?power switch/ breaker ?time to ?completely open ?the circuit, before the bulb blows.

?

This leaves the age old question to fuse or not and where… has a very long answer.

Don ?VA3DRL

????==== ??I trimmed a bunch, so the original situation??? is ?only in some previous posting? --- don

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

Hey Don,

?

Please do not get me wrong, I agree with your assessment, curiosity and what you have experienced in other similar situations.? I was just pointing out that most everyone was taught that there is no such thing as a shorted lightbulb as the filament leads will end up burning themselves out thus eliminating any dead short that may have been initially incurred.? But when deployed in the right circuit design, or maybe an improper circuit design, it is possible that the filament leads will not experience enough amperage draw to burn themselves out before some other component or subsystem decides enough is enough.

?

The issue with fusing any specific circuit in that radio is that an RT-524 is a Military FM Transceiver. Its design was such that it was sealed from the weather as well as designed with minimal external user controls on the faceplate to operate the radio.? It had to be simple to operate for the user and be reliable in all kinds of weather and operating conditions.? It also definitely had to be rugged enough to withstand being slammed around by the user in varying combat vehicles. So there were no external facing fuse holders, and the user was not allowed inside of the transceiver, hence just the heavy duty external power switch that was user resettable.

?

Thank you,

?

Mike

W5CUL

?

?

Hi Mike

I guess you are commenting on my first? stuff .

I suggest that our ?typical room lights blow to oblivion, ?partly because they are protected only by a 15 amp breaker or fuse in the main panel of a house, and this allows a very high, short time current to ?burn up any shorting material in the bulb.

?

In the case of the RT-524 ?I can only guess that it also has a power transformer that will limit the short circuit current to the bulb giving the

more sensitive ?power switch/ breaker ?time to ?completely open ?the circuit, before the bulb blows.

?

This leaves the age old question to fuse or not and where… has a very long answer.

Don ?VA3DRL

????==== ??I trimmed a bunch, so the original situation??? is ?only in some previous posting? --- don

?

?

?

?

?

Hi Mike

I guess you are commenting on my first? stuff .

I suggest that our ?typical room lights blow to oblivion, ?partly because they are protected only by a 15 amp breaker or fuse in the main panel of a house, and this allows a very high, short time current to ?burn up any shorting material in the bulb.

?

In the case of the RT-524 ?I can only guess that it also has a power transformer that will limit the short circuit current to the bulb giving the

more sensitive ?power switch/ breaker ?time to ?completely open ?the circuit, before the bulb blows.

?

This leaves the age old question to fuse or not and where… has a very long answer.

Don ?VA3DRL

?

?

Don,

?

That is what we are led to believe that will happen 100% of the time, the bulb will flash over such that those tiny internal leads will burn up into oblivion thus eliminating the short.? That is a product of what we are told/taught, as well as from our own conclusions based on those teachings.? Hence why one has to think outside of the box.? Some things can happen that will certainly confound the best of us, but that does not mean it could not happen.

?

Advance many years, and I am now Tier 3 support for a major nationwide Telecom Company.? This one involves a framer chip within an optical transmitter in a SONET Mux.? The story is outside of this forum, but suffice to say it was another one of those situations that you definitely had to think outside of the box to understand the true root cause of what was going on, no matter how impossible it seemed.

?

Thank you,

?

Mike

W5CUL ?

?

?

That’s Interesting Mike;? now? why did it trip?, and what would happen if like most radios, there was no power switch/ breaker? ?to trip?.

I don’t know the RT-524 at all ,? but we wonder if the? “breaker” had been set higher or there was breaker-function ?what would happen ? ??

One might ask if the dial lamps circuit should be separately fused.??? One wonders if the breaker was not there ,would the light blow open? Or stay shorted and melt the transformer ,,and then maybe blow the fuse on? the main? panel to a bunch of stuff? ‘

?

in somewhat similar situations, I recall many room lighting bulbs “blowing out”, and usually they went like a flash-bulb.. they didn’t just go dark, so it seems that something likely shorted and got very hot causing a burst of light and blowing the guts apart, before going open, and never blowing the 15 amp protection at the main panel .

?

My vintage [1950’s] Tektronix 555 scope had one of the beams not working when I bought it, and I eventually found a fuse 1/8 amp? that was ?soldered-in ?and had opened. I replaced it and Voila.

?

Just in case you guys are wondering about these questions, I spent some time in ?safety design in Nuclear stations, where consequences of any failure need to be evaluated so i ask lots of questions. ??

Don VA3DRL??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?

?

Joe et al.

?

Another interesting tid bit of information regarding those incandescent light bulbs. ?I will make this “short” and interesting.

?

Thank you,

?

Mike

W5CUL

?

?

Don,

?

That is what we are led to believe that will happen 100% of the time, the bulb will flash over such that those tiny internal leads will burn up into oblivion thus eliminating the short.? That is a product of what we are told/taught, as well as from our own conclusions based on those teachings.? Hence why one has to think outside of the box.? Some things can happen that will certainly confound the best of us, but that does not mean it could not happen.

?

Advance many years, and I am now Tier 3 support for a major nationwide Telecom Company.? This one involves a framer chip within an optical transmitter in a SONET Mux.? The story is outside of this forum, but suffice to say it was another one of those situations that you definitely had to think outside of the box to understand the true root cause of what was going on, no matter how impossible it seemed.

?

Thank you,

?

Mike

W5CUL ?

?

?

That’s Interesting Mike;? now? why did it trip?, and what would happen if like most radios, there was no power switch/ breaker? ?to trip?.

I don’t know the RT-524 at all ,? but we wonder if the? “breaker” had been set higher or there was breaker-function ?what would happen ? ??

One might ask if the dial lamps circuit should be separately fused.??? One wonders if the breaker was not there ,would the light blow open? Or stay shorted and melt the transformer ,,and then maybe blow the fuse on? the main? panel to a bunch of stuff? ‘

?

in somewhat similar situations, I recall many room lighting bulbs “blowing out”, and usually they went like a flash-bulb.. they didn’t just go dark, so it seems that something likely shorted and got very hot causing a burst of light and blowing the guts apart, before going open, and never blowing the 15 amp protection at the main panel .

?

My vintage [1950’s] Tektronix 555 scope had one of the beams not working when I bought it, and I eventually found a fuse 1/8 amp? that was ?soldered-in ?and had opened. I replaced it and Voila.

?

Just in case you guys are wondering about these questions, I spent some time in ?safety design in Nuclear stations, where consequences of any failure need to be evaluated so i ask lots of questions. ??

Don VA3DRL??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?

?

Joe et al.

?

Another interesting tid bit of information regarding those incandescent light bulbs. ?I will make this “short” and interesting.

?

Thank you,

?

Mike

W5CUL

?

?

That’s Interesting Mike;? now? why did it trip?, and what would happen if like most radios, there was no power switch/ breaker? ?to trip?.

I don’t know the RT-524 at all ,? but we wonder if the? “breaker” had been set higher or there was breaker-function ?what would happen ? ??

One might ask if the dial lamps circuit should be separately fused.??? One wonders if the breaker was not there ,would the light blow open? Or stay shorted and melt the transformer ,,and then maybe blow the fuse on? the main? panel to a bunch of stuff? ‘

?

in somewhat similar situations, I recall many room lighting bulbs “blowing out”, and usually they went like a flash-bulb.. they didn’t just go dark, so it seems that something likely shorted and got very hot causing a burst of light and blowing the guts apart, before going open, and never blowing the 15 amp protection at the main panel .

?

My vintage [1950’s] Tektronix 555 scope had one of the beams not working when I bought it, and I eventually found a fuse 1/8 amp? that was ?soldered-in ?and had opened. I replaced it and Voila.

?

Just in case you guys are wondering about these questions, I spent some time in ?safety design in Nuclear stations, where consequences of any failure need to be evaluated so i ask lots of questions. ??

Don VA3DRL??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?

?

Joe et al.

?

Another interesting tid bit of information regarding those incandescent light bulbs. ?I will make this “short” and interesting.

?

Many years ago back when I was a Tech in the service, there was an RT-524 that got passed around the shop as each Tech who tried to work on it was stumped.? The symptom was as soon as you turned it on it would trip its power switch, so there was a sort somewhere, but no could find it.? By the time it landed on my Test bench it had been through 4 other Techs all claiming it was a candidate for either Cannibalization or Depo. I worked on it for a day, got frustrated cause how could I not find a simple short.? So I put it off to the side for a couple of days in favor of some other jobs that were more pressing.? One night I woke up with an idea, actually it was a memory of something that happened to my father (Retired IBM FSE) while he was troubleshooting a Main Frame that was acting “funny” as he put it.? So that morning I put that radio back on my bench, pulled a brand new Dial Lamp from parts and replaced the old one.? As soon as I turned the power on, the radio came up just fine, passed all the receive and transmit tests.? Sure enough, that light bulb had a dead short.? When asked by the other techs what was the root cause, I told them sometimes you just have to think outside of the box and look where you least expect it.? That was one of the many lessons I learned from my father as I was growing up.

?

Thank you,

?

Mike

W5CUL

?

?

Hi Jim,

Thanks for the info. Yep. I remember being surprised at the time.
I didn't realize an incandescent bulb could generate RF. This occurred
back in the 70's and there were no CFL or LED lights being used.
Again, thanks a lot OM.

73, Joe-WA9LAE.

?=======trimmed by don this time

Assembled Electro-Lords:

Ya know,? I saw those advertised somewhere a while back and a guy

who?I resepct for his technical savvy?said they were a bad idea. His

thesis was that LEDs occasionally go bad in a "short" mode, unlike

conventional bulbs that virtually always blow "open."? He said a

shorted LED could burn out the filiment winding on the power

transformer.? Sounded kinda hyper-picky to me; I never saw a

LED fail in?dead short mode, myself.? (..and I bin doin' this for

a few decades.)

?

Was he right??

?

If not, I have number of things I'd like color LEDs for the dials

and meters...

?

(I sold the Drakes a while back, but the point remains.)

?

? 73

KW1B

?

In parallel. The forward voltage gap? on? LED’s is a function? of their intrinsic doping. Red is around 2V and white around 3.5V (from memory). If there is not a current limiting resistor then the LED goes poof. Current? bright LED’s typically run at 20mA forward current.

?

Dale W4OP

?

?

Ahhh, thanks Dale.

?I see the bayonet and that you can get ?Warm 2700K bulbs, but I did not see where it said about an internal current limiting resistor, and maybe a diode? I will have to look again. That solves a good part of my question.

So do you leave them running as a parallel set,? or change them to run in series?

Don VA3DRL

?

?

These are a single LED with a? current limiting resistor, built into a Bayonet socket:

?

Dale W4OP

?

?

I keep wondering out of ignorance,? when we say “LED” do we the just one bare-bones LED device, or do we mean? a LED with some power conditioning electronics built-in as well ?,, perhaps using HF switching devices?

Don VALDRL? ?again

?

?

I have LED replacements in my Drake 2B and they are RF quiet.??

randy.ab9go@...

?

On 10/01/2022 7:40 PM don Root <drootofallevil@...> wrote:

Gary, I am not informed about this stuff? ?,so I just looked up a bit more, and it seems that there are many variations of circuitry? and some use PWM and must be noisy, but yours is simple, with warm white LED ?so perhaps makes it? look normal .

Perhaps I have been turned-off? by pictures of older ones that were to me a horrible eye-burning blue.

I expect that the cooler LEDs will save some dial scales from further deterioration… so would be worth the change to a warm white.

Again out of ignorance, I wonder how the alteration is made.. the usual original bulb is held by a bayonet socket.? Can you stuff a LED into it ? my guess is that you would want LEDs to be in series so the usual mounting of a bayonet won’t work so well because they are use “grounded” to the chassis.

Don ?VA3DRL

?

From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]] On Behalf Of wb6ogd
Sent: Saturday, October 1, 2022 5:32 PM
To: [email protected]; don Root
Subject: Re: [HallicraftersRadios] A noisy pilot light !

Don,

I build my own.? They look so much better than old bulbs and make the radio unbelievably

cooler, usually up front by the mechanics and the oscillator, makes it more stable and makes

it last longer.

I use a diode(LEDs don't run on AC for long), a resistor, and the LED (warm white!).

Nothing to make noise.

73,

Gary

????????????WB6OGD ?

_========trimmed again_,_

?

Ahhh, thanks Dale.

?I see the bayonet and that you can get ?Warm 2700K bulbs, but I did not see where it said about an internal current limiting resistor, and maybe a diode? I will have to look again. That solves a good part of my question.

So do you leave them running as a parallel set,? or change them to run in series?

Don VA3DRL

?

?

These are a single LED with a? current limiting resistor, built into a Bayonet socket:

?

Dale W4OP

?

?

I keep wondering out of ignorance,? when we say “LED” do we the just one bare-bones LED device, or do we mean? a LED with some power conditioning electronics built-in as well ?,, perhaps using HF switching devices?

Don VALDRL? ?again

?

?

I have LED replacements in my Drake 2B and they are RF quiet.??

randy.ab9go@...

?

?

The S-38D was basically an all-American five with some extra coils added.? It didn’t have the looks of the Lowey versions preceding it.? It was a simple, very popular, and useful radio that found its way into a lot of homes and was the first receiver for many SWL’s.? It also has a hot chassis and can blow you across the room.? ?? I wasn’t alive during that time, but wonder what the context is when they try to call it a “typical wartime communication receiver”.? It was manufactured from 1954 – 57.? Which war are they referring to?

?

73 – Steve, KW4H

?

Your Subscription | Contact Group Owner | Unsubscribe [drootofallevil@...]

?

These are a single LED with a? current limiting resistor, built into a Bayonet socket:

?

Dale W4OP

?

?

I keep wondering out of ignorance,? when we say “LED” do we the just one bare-bones LED device, or do we mean? a LED with some power conditioning electronics built-in as well ?,, perhaps using HF switching devices?

Don VALDRL? ?again

?

?

I have LED replacements in my Drake 2B and they are RF quiet.??

randy.ab9go@...

?

?

_========trimmed again_,_