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Open holes.

Glen Ross <[email protected]
 

The message <199809091737_MC2-58E5-5E48@...>
from Hoffman <hoffman@...> contains these words:

They have ring keys, rather like a clarinet. It's nice to have open holes
but I find the holes too close for my large fingers (have you tried one
Glen?).
I have the same problem. My large hands and the picc do not make
comfortable partners. Like everything else it is possible to get
around it but I never feel happy playing the shreiking stick and only
play it if gold bricks are on offer from the booker.

Anyway, who would want to play a picc when bass flutes are available??

Glen.


don't apologize for sharing

Lynn Hutchins
 

Sorry for my uneducated advice regarding olive oil - it was
second hand information anyway so perhaps I'd misunderstood the original.
Mike,
There is nothing wrong with sharing what you believe to be true.
Your intentions were certainly good. If you are posting to share
information, and the information is correct(or at least, not
controversial), then we've all(or most of us) gained some knowledge.
If you are not correct, or precise, someone else will likely post a
correction, there may some hot discussion, we all do some thinking and
clear some cob-webs out, again most of us learn something, and we may
even be entertained in the process. ;-)
Keep on posting. :-)

Lynn Hutchins petra@... ICQ#1734957(Tibicia)
_____________________________________
()_____o______)_)____o_o_o___o_o_o_____)


Re: Caroline's ambitions

Hoffman
 

Martin, we can easily reverse the offer, if you are feeling a little left
out! I always need lessons, so we can meet up here and you can give me
some
lessons. We'll have more fun that they will! <GG>
Sure, Nancy, I have a Lot to show you!<GG> Maybe we can do a swap, I'm
falling behind in my French. Can you just remind me where 'up here' is?

Martin
hoffman@...

Hartford, Cheshire, UK


Re: Caroline's ambitions

 

Martin wrote:

Isn't it odd how only pretty girls get such offers... <GG>
Martin, we can easily reverse the offer, if you are feeling a little left
out! I always need lessons, so we can meet up here and you can give me some
lessons. We'll have more fun that they will! <GG>

Nancy


Re: New facilities on FN/ Welcome back WUA!

Hoffman
 

Jill
Is there such a thing as an open holed piccolo? Apparently, if you
played
one, but how is that possible?
They have ring keys, rather like a clarinet. It's nice to have open holes
but I find the holes too close for my large fingers (have you tried one
Glen?). Of course, all simple system piccolos are 'open holed' too.

Martin
Ps. I seem to be posting a lot today, better go to sleep.
hoffman@...

Hartford, Cheshire, UK


Re: Caroline's ambitions

Hoffman
 

Caroline
I'm going
to try and get the one before WIBB, which will also give Nick a practise
run at open G#. (Someone's already down for the one after WIBB!)
WIBB's scale is designed for open G#, and it's easier to make them that
way. I'm sure it will be great.
Has anyone ordered no.1? I got the idea that WIBB put an order for no.5
before anyone else.

Are you going to be doing the padding?
If you like me to. I'll even come out of retirement to do it <G>

Best, Martin
hoffman@...

Hartford, Cheshire, UK


Playstation addicts

 

Hi folks,

Hello Adrian - I'm a new beginner on the list so you've not yet met me. I
actually have one of your CDs at home, it was a factor in influencing me
to take up learning the flute. Thank you!!!!!

Sorry for my uneducated advice regarding olive oil - it was
second hand information anyway so perhaps I'd misunderstood the original.

Caroline wrote
Our next door neighbour has gone to France for a week and has lent Paul
"Everybodys' Golf" for the Playstation. I was awake until 3am this
morning because all I could hear coming from the downstairs room was
"Sod, bogeyed it again!!!!!" (OK, I was up until 1:30 myself playing
it, it's incredibly addictive!)

I know the feeling - I was up till 2:00am this morning myself trying to
keep some hero from being pasted by bad guys on the playstation. Great fun
but in the end a horrible waste of time. Fortunately my flatmates usually
want to watch TV so as yet I've avoided having to enroll for the twelve
step programme!!<ggg>

Cheers,
Mike


Re: New facilities on FN/ Welcome back WUA!

Hoffman
 

Jane
Didn't you say you are building a Lot for me out of the spare parts you
had left over after you last put Adrian's Lot together... <gg>
I was trying to keep this quiet, but a couple more visits should do it!<G>

Adrian
Whereas of course I, and everyone on FN, is very nice...
Me?! NICE?!!! The very idea. Speak for yourself!

Martin <G>
hoffman@...

Hartford, Cheshire, UK


Re: Caroline's ambitions

Caroline
 

In message <E0zGnOB-0001Fc-00@...>, Adrian Brett
<lebret@...> writes
From: lebret@... (Adrian Brett)

Caroline,

Go on tell us all why SHE doesn't like you............hehehehehehehhe!!
For the same reasons that she's not too fond of Sue Milan or Jenny
Stinton!

Well it is always good to learn a new piece.....as long as you do not
use it to gain more technique..............??
No, I'm a good girl these days, I do my finger waggling elsewhere. Got
that from when a previous teacher decided it would be a good idea for me
to develop my technique by playing Tulou and Boehm. It was a depressing
experience, whereas if I'd had the technique nearly there it would have
been much more musical!

Do your practical tech vocab learning away from pieces.

Practise the odd little quirks and turns as tech "cells" but ALWAYS have
an idea of how you want it to sound in your head. I mean to say..(the cook
writes again<<GG>>.).when I am putting together Pollo Cacciatora..well
I am thinking of the eventual taste...not chopping garlic and onions etc.
I tend to do the strange experimental cooking bit these days. The other
night I fancied something on toast and ended up with butter, garlic,
mince, onion and melted cheese over the top. It was surprisingly nice.

Howsabout me coming down to Cambridge and us Lot<<gg>> having a fun
weekend..and a few free lessons...nearer to the exam.........sounds like
FUN!!!!
Ummmm well, I was actually going to email you nearer the time and ask if
I could come up to you for some lessons, so THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK
YOU!! <very big hug> We live right opposite a pub, you'll love it!
Although I may have moved again by then as I saw a cracking job in the
Times today - Anderson Consulting are creating a "Flying Corps" of
secretaries to travel round London providing admin support to whichever
team of consultants need them. The qualifications required are 5 GCSEs
including English & Maths and a recognised secretarial qualification,
both of which I have. Starting salary between 16,000 and 25,000,
depending on experience. Tempting.......

Womble on speed.......HUH!!
You liked it when Paul first thought it up, I still have the post
somewhere if you don't believe me!


Martin wrote:
When were you thinking of retiring? <GGG>
Seriously, if they turn out as good as I think they might, it will be
worth
waiting for, but I wouldn't count on any specific date. I can't imagine
Nick would abandon all his side lines.

I think I'm going to go for it then, I just can't afford to pay for one
in the next two years, but I think I should be fairly safe!!! I'm going
to try and get the one before WIBB, which will also give Nick a practise
run at open G#. (Someone's already down for the one after WIBB!) Are
you going to be doing the padding?

Our next door neighbour has gone to France for a week and has lent Paul
"Everybodys' Golf" for the Playstation. I was awake until 3am this
morning because all I could hear coming from the downstairs room was
"Sod, bogeyed it again!!!!!" (OK, I was up until 1:30 myself playing
it, it's incredibly addictive!)

I smell supper.....
--
Caroline


Belated Recital report

"Guy Boudreau" <[email protected]
 

Salutations cordiales,
Guy Boudreau
Rivire-du-Loup, Qubec, CanadaHi Flutenutters!

Welcome to all the new members and welcome back to Adrian, Lynn, Carole, Martin, etc. You see, I've been away for too long...

Although it's been a month ago now, I am reporting about my first recital wich was held on August the 12th. It was my first recital experience, having only played in community band and performed gigs before. It was also the first time people had to pay to hear me... (ggg)

A week before the performance, I was still wondering why a shy person like me was involved in a recital. After all, I am only an amateur flute player, was I thinking. In order to put the stress off, I was picturing myself at the recital, having fun playing my pieces, like when we were practicing at my pianist's place.

It worked! Thanks to Lyn's advices, who suggested to play pieces in wich I was calm, we started the recital by Romance sans paroles by Faur. The last hi C sharp was scaring me a bit because it's has to be played piano, but it went fine.

Here is the programme we played at the recital:


Gabriel Faur Romance sans paroles (Op.17, No.3)
Michael Scott Excursion
New World
That Grace may Abound
Autumn Harvest
(four short pieces arranged in a "New Age" style)
Johann Sebastian Bach Arioso
Gabriel Faur Sicilienne
Robert Schumann Rverie
Benjamin Godard Allegretto
Gabriel Faur Berceuse
Peter Ilych Tchakovsky June
Czar Franck Panis Angelicus
Gabriel Faur Aprs un rve
Franz Schubert An die Musik
Richard Strauss Allerseelen
Jean-Baptiste Faure Sancta Maria
Franz Schubert Ave Maria

As you can see, this was easy stuff, except the Allegretto wich was challenging a bit more for my playing level. Guess wich piece the audience asked for an Encore? the Allegretto of course... (ggg). You may notice there is also a lot of music by Faur... Sacred music, lieder, transcriptions from vocal music, etc. The mood was set for an intimate recital, and it was indeed an intimate recital.

Only 10 persons attended the recital, but we had "La crme de la crme" (ggg). Great performers must start on a modest level, I guess... How many of you can say they have met *personally* every member of the audience of their first recital??? (gg)

It was a great experience for me anyway. I was able to play in a relaxed atmosphere. Something that helped a lot, is that I was able to introduce myself to the audience and talk between some pieces. I recorded the recital with my video camera because my wife was not able to attend the concert. When listening to it later, she was suprised by the applauses. She couldn't figure how 10 persons were making such loud applauses. I guess they were enthusiastic!

The recital had to be postponed in July because of my mysterious disease, if you remember. A flutist who came the night the recital was scheduled in July turned back home because it wasn't me who was playing. She came at my recital and after it was over, she asked me to give her flute lessons. See... an admirer the first time I play at *Corneygie Hall*.

Seriously, the setting was perfect. The acoustics of that small chapel was (were?) terrific. Although it seemed to me I was in tune with the electronic piano while playing, on the recording, some pieces seem to be slightly out of tune. I'll be more carefull next time and I'll tune my flute with the piano during the performance. Can sound be altered by reverberation? Lyn, you mentioned something about it, I think.

Well, I don't want to bore you with my *modest triumph*, but it was a great moment of my musical life. It makes me feel more confident about my flute playing and my abilities to perform in front of live audiences. For a CD, we'll have to wait...

Bye for now,

Guy


practising under pleasureable pressure?

Lyn McLarin
 

Hi all!

Caroline, I think that Chaminade actually did compose that concertino for
flute with strings...but the piano reduction is OK, you're right...sorry you
don't like it, heehee! (but what happens if you have to teach it to someone
who does, one day????<G>)

Oboy, do have fun with the Ibert if you're into getting some gritty new
repertoire! (and start a drinks fund for the poor pianist...<G>) That is
certainly one of the showiest, I think...lots of fingering tricks to play
with as well! The Nielsen, well, although it is one of my favourites, I
don't think it sounds its best with piano...unless you sneak in a friendly
bass trombonist along with you at the concert, that is!!! (you do know all
about the jokes involved with how Nielsen composed for his friends???)

Martin, I join you in the ignomy of having used actual sacred repertoire as
technical exercise (sorry, Adrian!)....sometimes, as you said, there's just
not enough time or inclination to carefully set aside some special canoodles
for the express purpose of polishing a particular phrase, when actually
practising that particular phrase could do it for you. Mind you, I myself
have little superstitions when I do this sort of emergency
practising...always afraid to "wear out" the music, I devise myriad methods
of disguising the actual tune etc so I do not "seem" to be practising the
piece,as it were..Does anyone else do that sort of thing??
Also, my little ideas and stories and impressions play a huge part....I had
no trouble at all, for instance, in approaching the Chant de Linos, once I
convinced myself to be a gypsy sort of Pirate Jenny (well, the week I
learned it I was also playing in the pit for Threepenny<G>)..suddenly the
notes in those "runs...like nothing on earth"(as Martin said) made absolute
harmonic and emotional sense to me! Likewise when I had to perform the
Boulez Sonatine for a series of concerts and competitions: once I felt the
fun and humour in the Scherzo, all the tricky fireworks and even the
counting became almost slapstick in places rather than frightening.

I DO realise that this is just MY way of doing things, though...I think we
all have to adapt to our personalities, as Martin pointed out, when choosing
and indeed practising repertoire.

Isn't it a shame, though, that there doesn't ever seem to be a way of
"impressing" people who hand out the money etc with playing a soulful tune,
a slow movement etc?? This is why it is always the MOST important thing for
us to keep performing for our audiences!! Hang the stoopid judges etc...if a
crowd of coal miners gives you a standing ovation then you know you have
entertained and touched deeply! (when a panel of adjudicators hemms and
haawws a bit you know that ...well, one of them needs to go to the loo<G>)

Cheers! Lyn McLarin
WildMusic@...


Re: Hello world!!

Theodore Lim <[email protected]
 

Hi all!

Thanks for the welcome and interesting reading material!... Oh by the
way.. I'm Theo and am a research associate in HWU.

Haven't been tooting for some time now but am gradually picking it up
again!... 'fact.. a couple of days ago... went to rumage in the bottom
drawer and found an old wood flute! Needless to say... shod with
excitement and self carelessness... assembled the instrument and took a
toot... and for the next 5mins ... coughed up some dust balls!!

Been reading about the ring keyed piccolo ... I have a Rudall ring keyed
picc that plays and sounds absolutely beautifully... it has ringed keys
ony on the right hand unlike the Lots or Godfroys.

I am particularly keen in wood flutes and if any of you kind souls out
there could help me... it'll be greatly... most definitely... be
appreciated! I am looking to purchase either second hand or new thinned
wood flutes made by Harry Seely or Chris Abel. I have also been trying
to find Chris's address and/or contact number... but have had not much
luck.

Thanks again for the warm welcome Glen!

Cheers,

Theo.


Re: New facilities on FN/ Welcome back WUA!

Jane Tupin <[email protected]
 

Glen - That's great that Onelist started a "secure" archives.

Uncle Adrian- Welcome back, we missed you a Lot!

Carolyn and Martin good luck with your exams. That's a great idea to have
mutual support.

Martin -just remember you have the upper hand with Adrian
-there are things you could do to his Lot.... Carolyn may get the
invitations but you could have the last say... hmmm.
Didn't you say you are building a Lot for me out of the spare parts you
had left over after you last put Adrian's Lot together... <gg>

At NFA convention, Cincinnati Fluteworks had a couple Lots, Lebrets, and
some other oldies. I tried the 4300 Lot. Very pretty sound, played very
nicely. Also tried an open hole Lot piccolo. Very interesting to play.

Jane Tupin * tupin@...


Re: Caroline's ambitions

Keith Pettway
 


Isn't it odd how only pretty girls get such offers... <GG>
Gosh - What's odd about that - seems perfectly normal to me ;-)
Papa Smurf


Re: Caroline's ambitions

Hoffman
 

More sensible advice from Wicked Uncle Adrian:
Well it is always good to learn a new piece.....as long as you do not
use it to gain more technique..............??
That would be my advice, but I am guilty of having learned technique on
real repertoire. I think it's a matter of incentive, in the past I found it
very difficult to motivate myself to plow through all the wallpaper
exercises at ridiculous speeds just in case I might need some of it.
Victorian stuff is OK, scales and arpeggios cover most of it, but some of
those runs in Jolivet are like nothing on earth.

Howsabout me coming down to Cambridge and us Lot<<gg>> having a fun
weekend..and a few free lessons...nearer to the exam.........sounds like
FUN!!!!
Isn't it odd how only pretty girls get such offers... <GG>

Best, Martin
hoffman@...

Hartford, Cheshire, UK.


Adrain back/kitty things/camera

 

Had to add my bit... Yay!!!! Adrain's back! :-)

Lyn M wrote:
Lynn H, I couldn't stop giggling: your DOG is allergic to cats??!!
Not particularly funny to a dog who was practically raised by two
part-siamese cats. Momma dog was ill, so to reduce her own work load,
and because she knew us well, the breeder had us take the puppy home
quite early(I'm thinking it was at about five weeks). Really, our two
cats are the animals that our dog has associated with since an early
age. ...my poor baby...allergic to her family. :-(
Just teasing you, it's not that bad. Mostly sneezing and
snorting, with the occassional runny nose. The real problem is that
Maxi-cat and KC dog are buddies, so Max had to start taking baths.
Even then it's not that terrible, as Max is part manx and doesn't mind
water. It's the hair-dryer part that gets a little tricky. That cat
is so big now, I've taken to letting him run wet, as there is no way
I'm going to be able to hold him still with one hand and hold the
dryer in the other(as much as he runs and plays with the dog, he's not
going to get cold anyway...).

from Richard and Sandi:
We got a digital camera last week and therefore have been tweaking
our web site till the wee hours of the
morning.
Hehehe. I KNEW you two would be getting a digital camera soon.
Now I'm going to have to go and visit your site again. :-)


Lynn Hutchins petra@... ICQ#1734957(Tibicia)
My mind not only wanders, sometimes it leaves completely.


Re: Would you oil the wood?

 

Hi Folks!!

Well in at the deep end so to speak.

I am certain that coming in late on this topic, due to my long absence
from the list, some other erudite person...like Joe W.....has pointed out
the purpose and history of oiling wooden flutes and recorders.

The historical reason is based on the fact that so many instruments were
made of boxwood...which warps very easily. The instruments were oiled..
not for the wood's sake.. but to line the corpus with an even coating of
a thickish, viscous oil which would allow an even distribution of moisture
after you had pulled it thru/swabbed it.

Expectoration...HELL..spit is spit on this list <<GG>>..needs to run down the
body and not settle in one spot and cause a widening of the bore........
and duff intonation!!

I can not comment on modern seasoned woods...I would think that they need
less...if at all??

I was amazed that someone did not like the taste of olive oil!!

As some of you know I am a fanatical cook and spend as much on a good bottle of
olive oil... extra virgin.. first pressing...(that always sounds rude..) as a
good bottle of wine!!

I never ate salad until I discovered good olive oil. It is like only ever
having drunk blended Scotch....J&B/Bells/Cutty Sark etc...and discovering
single malts......chalk and cheese!!

A lovely American girl brought me a bottle of special Bourbon on WIBB's
courses..."Knob Creek"...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOHHH!!

Regarding the problems with the windways of recorders (and fipple or
whistle-flutes). Take an eye-dropper. Fill it with washing up liquid...
yep the stuff you do the dishes with...well I do.. being poor and not having a
machine!! Turn the headjoint/instrument upside down and squirt a dropper full
of the liquid TOWARDS the slit you blow thru...ie from the strike edge to the
blowing beak...OK?? Hold your finger over the blowing slit and let the flute
absorb some liquid...say a minute or two. Release the stopping finger and allow
the liquid to flow out of the blowing end. Result?? Your droplets of spit
will flow thru...and cause problems in the small holes instead.....well at
least you will get a sound and not...hubble-bubble-toil-and-trouble!!!

Actually there is a solution to the next problem...have the thumb hole bushed
INTO the bore by about a couple of mms...and the spit just rides on down
on its merry old way,divide like a river over a boulder..not blocking the hole.

Please send me $25 each for this info..........hehehehehehehe..as our
(absent) Wendy would say.

Sensible Uncle Adrian...for once..OK <<GG>>
--
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
(|______(_O_)________ Adrian Brett---lebret@...
Wakefield,West Yorkshire,
ENGLAND

_ _ _ _ ___ ____________________________________
| |_ |_) |_) |_ | /
|__ |_ |_) | &#92; |_ | /
______________________/


Re: Caroline's ambitions

 

Caroline,

Go on tell us all why SHE doesn't like you............hehehehehehehhe!!

Well it is always good to learn a new piece.....as long as you do not
use it to gain more technique..............??

Do your practical tech vocab learning away from pieces.

Practise the odd little quirks and turns as tech "cells" but ALWAYS have
an idea of how you want it to sound in your head. I mean to say..(the cook
writes again<<GG>>.).when I am putting together Pollo Cacciatora..well
I am thinking of the eventual taste...not chopping garlic and onions etc.

Howsabout me coming down to Cambridge and us Lot<<gg>> having a fun
weekend..and a few free lessons...nearer to the exam.........sounds like
FUN!!!!

Womble on speed.......HUH!!

Adrian
--
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
(|______(_O_)________ Adrian Brett---lebret@...
Wakefield,West Yorkshire,
ENGLAND

_ _ _ _ ___ ____________________________________
| |_ |_) |_) |_ | /
|__ |_ |_) | &#92; |_ | /
______________________/


Re: Caroline's ambitions

Hoffman
 

Caroline
Go for it with the exams! We'll have a mutual flattery & support team
going! I assume you're going to skip the 1-8 and jump in at AC level?
Mutual support team sounds like a great idea. I did take Grade 8 before my
college auditions, not that I know where my certificate might be now.

I'm seriously considering sticking my name on the Crabb & Forward list
for a flute - how much time do you reckon I'd have to save up for it if
I was at 8 or 9?!
When were you thinking of retiring? <GGG>
Seriously, if they turn out as good as I think they might, it will be worth
waiting for, but I wouldn't count on any specific date. I can't imagine
Nick would abandon all his side lines.

Martin
hoffman@...

Hartford, Cheshire, UK


Re: Would you oil the wood?

 

As far as I know, Olwell bamboo flutes are pre-oiled(at least they
appear to be...). One thing that has concerned me about oiling mine,
is that the bore seems a bit rough(probably the nature of bamboo).
One would want to be very careful not to apply the oil to excess,
because it would be difficult to sop it all back up. Yet, if you
applied the oil lightly, you'd only end up oiling the lumps...
Therefore, I haven't oiled mine, and it seems ok(but like I've said, I
keep my house moist...(better for me, my instruments, and my husband's
equipment)
Also, be very sure not to use a *fuzzy*, or *fluffy* cloth.
Having done this once on an instrument, I'll just say, one doesn't do
it twice.
On a more serious note, any oil you use on a flute should have some
vitamin E added to it.
Good idea. Never thought of it... I never had a problem with
rancid smells, but then once I start oiling an instrument, I keep to a
regular routine, which each time probably removes some of the old oil.
I mean, it'd have to, because where would all that oil go? Sooner or
later the wood is going to have reached it's saturation point, and not
all of it gets rubbed off.
Hehehe, I have to admit, it gives me a certain pleasure to think
that perhaps that recorder got stinky(my wooden recorder was stolen a
few years ago). ;-)

Hain brand almond oil
(cleanest looking almond oil I've been able to find).
That's what I used to use. I came to like the almond oil better
than the olive oil. Wasn't available in our regular grocery stores
back then, but it was in our local natural food. Don't know if that
is still the case, as I am not currently oiling any instruments. One
of our local grocery stores has improved, and the natural food store
went down-hill, so I might try that grocery store the next time I need
good almond oil. :-(

Other popular oils include walnut oil and peanut oil. Mineral oils,
vaseline, and WD40 are to be avoided, as is dunking the flute in beer or
just pouring it through the bore (a common Irish flutist custom, believe
it or not).
Ewwwww. Have people really used vaseline and WD40? I suppose I
could see someone thinking baby-oil(mineral oil) was ok. Beer isn't
going to happen unless I have some old cracked instrument that I don't
care much if I ruin.

I hope you dont intend drinking from your flute, but discolouration
would be annoying. The reason probably has to do with olive oils low
'freezing' point.
Hmmm, I wonder if my olivewood flute will discolor over time? I
was also wondering if it was necessary to oil olivewood. I'm not
familiar with the wood, just the oil and the fruit...which puts me in
the mind of butter, which makes me think the wood is soft and greasy
to begin with, which I'm sure is a false impression...isn't it funny
how we get these ideas. :-)

For recorders, you must periodically suck in on the flute to clear the
windway, so you will definatly taste your oil. You clear a baroque flute
the same way. First time I gave a silver Boehm flute a quick suck to clear
the headjoint, I thought I was going to be sick. The silver residue tastes
horrible!
Ewwwww, nasty!!!! I never suck on it, but rather blow in
reverse. When I clear a windway on a recorder, I take the headjoint
off, seal the fipple-hole with the palm of my hand, and blow on the
open joint end. With a flute, take the headjoint off, turn it so the
embouchure hole is facing the ground, and blow from the oposite end.
It seems to work... Is there an advantage to sucking? Obviously,
blowing adds more moisture to the situation, but it's on the oposite
and more open end, so doesn't seem to cause a problem.
I loan most of my instruments out to others, so I don't think I
can think about sucking on them without getting really sick at the
thought. :-P


Lynn Hutchins petra@... ICQ#1734957(Tibicia)
_____________________________________
()_____o______)_)____o_o_o___o_o_o_____)